# AdepaTrade ## Posts - [Emergency Lighting Systems: Self-Contained vs Central Battery, Durations and Exit Signs](https://adepatrade.com/emergency-lighting-self-contained-vs-central-battery/): Emergency lighting explained: escape route, open area and high-risk task lighting, self-contained vs central battery, modes, durations, signs and testing. - [Low-Voltage Switchboard Forms of Separation: Engineering and Safety Considerations](https://adepatrade.com/lv-switchboard-forms-of-separation-iec-61439-2/): Forms 1 to 4b of internal separation in LV switchboards under IEC 61439-2: what each form separates, what it permits and how to choose and specify one. - [UPS Topologies Explained: Offline, Line-Interactive and Online Double-Conversion](https://adepatrade.com/ups-topologies-offline-line-interactive-online/): UPS topologies compared: offline, line-interactive and online double-conversion, IEC 62040-3 VFD/VI/VFI classification, eco mode, rotary UPS and selection. - [Transformer Vector Groups Explained: Dyn11, Yyn0, YNd11 and How to Choose](https://adepatrade.com/transformer-vector-groups-dyn11-explained/): How to read transformer vector groups such as Dyn11, Dyn5, Yyn0 and YNd11, why Dyn11 is common, parallel operation rules, and IEC vs ANSI phase displacement. - [Oil-Immersed vs Cast-Resin Transformers: Fire, Environment, Losses and Selection](https://adepatrade.com/oil-immersed-vs-cast-resin-transformers/): Oil-immersed vs cast-resin dry-type transformers compared: fire behaviour, liquids, climatic and environmental classes, losses, noise, loading and selection. - [Ring Main Units (RMUs): Configurations, Applications and Selection Considerations](https://adepatrade.com/ring-main-units-rmu-configurations-selection/): Ring main units explained: functional units, configurations, insulation, ratings, internal arc classes, interlocks and how to specify an RMU up to 36 kV. - [Preparing an RFQ for Electrical Power Equipment](https://adepatrade.com/preparing-an-rfq-for-electrical-power-equipment/): What to include in an RFQ for electrical power equipment, what can be clarified later, and why an incomplete first enquiry is still a good start. - [International Electrical Equipment Sourcing: From Enquiry to Delivery](https://adepatrade.com/international-electrical-equipment-sourcing-enquiry-to-delivery/): The stages of international electrical equipment supply, from first enquiry through evaluation, documents, inspection and shipping to delivery on site. - [Defining Site and Service Conditions for Electrical Equipment](https://adepatrade.com/defining-site-and-service-conditions/): How ambient temperature, altitude, humidity, pollution, enclosure, ventilation, seismic data and duty change the choice and rating of electrical equipment. - [Writing a Clear Electrical Equipment Specification](https://adepatrade.com/writing-a-clear-electrical-equipment-specification/): How to write an equipment specification that states real requirements, separates must-haves from preferences and lets offers be compared fairly. - [Specifying LED Luminaires: Output, Optics, Environment and Controls](https://adepatrade.com/specifying-led-luminaires-output-optics-controls/): How to read and specify LED luminaire data: flux vs efficacy, optics, glare, colour, IP/IK, surge, Lx/By lifetime claims and controls. - [Sizing a Diesel Generator: Loads, Starting Duty and Operating Conditions](https://adepatrade.com/sizing-a-diesel-generator-loads-starting-duty/): How to size a diesel generator from real load demand, motor starting, load steps, power factor, site conditions and ISO 8528-1 duty ratings, not nameplate sums. - [Critical Power Systems: How Generators, UPS and ATS Work Together](https://adepatrade.com/critical-power-systems-generators-ups-ats/): How generators, UPS and automatic transfer switches share the work during a mains failure, from instant ride-through to standby supply and safe return. - [Choosing LV Circuit Breakers: MCB, MCCB and ACB](https://adepatrade.com/choosing-lv-circuit-breakers-mcb-mccb-acb/): How MCBs, MCCBs and ACBs differ in ratings, trip units and breaking capacity, and how to specify the right breaker for each position in an LV system. - [LV Distribution Explained: From Transformer to Final Circuit](https://adepatrade.com/lv-distribution-transformer-to-final-circuit/): How LV power flows from the transformer through main switchboards, sub-distribution boards and MCCs to final circuits, and how each level is rated. - [Distribution vs Power Transformers up to 31.5 MVA / 36 kV: Ratings, Construction and Uses](https://adepatrade.com/distribution-vs-power-transformers-ratings-construction-uses/): What separates distribution from power transformers up to 31.5 MVA / 36 kV: function, ratings, construction, uses and what to specify. - [MV Distribution Networks up to 36 kV: Radial, Ring and Meshed Configurations](https://adepatrade.com/mv-distribution-networks-radial-ring-meshed/): How radial, open-ring and meshed MV networks work, and how each arrangement shapes supply continuity, protection and equipment choice. - [Compact / Package Substations: How the Four Components Fit Together](https://adepatrade.com/compact-package-substations-four-components/): How MV switchgear, transformer, LV distribution and enclosure are integrated into one coordinated substation. - [Sizing a Distribution Transformer: A Practical Checklist](https://adepatrade.com/sizing-a-distribution-transformer-a-practical-checklist/): A step-by-step approach from maximum demand to a standard kVA rating, including a worked example and the effect of impedance on fault level. - [Specifying MV Switchgear: Key Ratings Explained](https://adepatrade.com/specifying-mv-switchgear-key-ratings-explained/): Why rated voltage, current, short-circuit, insulation and internal arc ratings must be read together when specifying MV switchgear. ## Pages - [Projects](https://adepatrade.com/projects/): AdepaTrade draws on more than 15 years of international experience in electrical power equipment sourcing and project supply, with project references spanning multiple countries, industries and applications. - [Supply Network](https://adepatrade.com/supply-network/): International electrical power equipment sourcing and project supply, primarily from Türkiye and Europe, for projects in international markets. - [Engineering Insights](https://adepatrade.com/engineering-insights/): Practical guidance on selecting, specifying and procuring electrical power equipment, written for engineers, contractors and procurement professionals. - [Website Terms of Use](https://adepatrade.com/terms/): Kayıtlı adres: Kurtköy Mah. Rize Sk. - [Privacy Policy](https://adepatrade.com/privacy-policy/): Bu metin, ADEPA ELEKTRONİK TİCARET LİMİTED ŞİRKETİ'nin ("AdepaTrade", "biz") adepatrade.com web sitesini ziyaret ettiğinizde, bize teklif talebi (RFQ) veya soru gönderdiğinizde ya da talebinizle ilgili bize e-posta gönderdiğinizde kişisel verilerinizi nasıl işlediğini açıklar. - [About](https://adepatrade.com/about/): AdepaTrade is an Istanbul-based, international, multi-brand electrical power equipment sourcing and project supply business. - [Contact](https://adepatrade.com/contact/): Electrical power equipment sourcing and project supply, from single items to multi-system packages, with technical and commercial coordination through to delivery. - [Lighting & Infrastructure](https://adepatrade.com/solutions/lighting-infrastructure/): Indoor, industrial, outdoor, street, solar and emergency lighting, with the poles, controls and supply equipment around them, sourced from established manufacturers and coordinated through AdepaTrade around your project's lighting requirement. - [Critical & Backup Power](https://adepatrade.com/solutions/critical-backup-power/): UPS, generator sets, battery energy storage and DC power systems, sourced from established manufacturers and coordinated through AdepaTrade around your project's continuity requirements. - [Low Voltage Distribution & Control](https://adepatrade.com/solutions/low-voltage-distribution-control/): Custom-built LV distribution and control assemblies, configured around project requirements and preferred major-component manufacturers, sourced and coordinated through AdepaTrade. - [Compact / Package Substations](https://adepatrade.com/solutions/compact-package-substations/): One substation. Your specifications. Your preferred brands. - [Transformers](https://adepatrade.com/solutions/transformers/): Pictured: two oil-filled power transformers. - [Medium Voltage Distribution & Protection](https://adepatrade.com/solutions/medium-voltage-distribution-protection/): Pictured: ABB medium-voltage switchgear lineup in a switchroom. - [Solutions](https://adepatrade.com/solutions/): Six solution families cover the path of power through a project, from medium-voltage distribution, transformers and compact / package substations to low-voltage distribution, critical power and lighting. - [Home](https://adepatrade.com/): AdepaTrade connects electrical power project requirements with manufacturers in Türkiye and internationally, sourcing equipment across medium-voltage distribution, transformers, compact / package substations, low-voltage systems, critical power and lighting. [comment]: # (Generated by Hostinger Tools Plugin)